Mathematical logic

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The study of logic within mathematics is known as mathematical logic. Model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory are major subfields. Mathematical logic research frequently focuses on the mathematical aspects of formal systems of logic, such as their expressive or deductive capability.

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make a truth table (~p∧q) ∨ (p∧~q)
The sum of two even numbers is even. Using Direct proof method
“The product of two odd numbers is odd.” Using Direct proof method
Consider the following sequence of successive numbers of the 2k -th power: 1, 2^2k, 3^2k, 4 ^2k, 5 ^2k, ... Show that the difference between the numbers in this sequence is odd for all k ∈ N.
In a class of 30 students, 11 students like mathematics, 12 students like geography, and 12 students do not like mathematics nor geography. How many students like mathematics and geography
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You have given a function λ:R-> R with the following properties (x ∈ R, n∈ N) : Λ(n) =0, λ(x+1)= λ(x), λ(n+1/2)=1 Find two functions p,q:R-> Rwith q(x) not equal to 0 for all x such that λ(x)= q(x)(p(x)+1)
Let X = {0, 1, 2}. List the elements of each of the following sets: a. {z : z = 2x and x ∈ X} b. {z : z = x + y where x ∈ X and y ∈ X}
Let A = {n ∈ Z | n = 5r for some integer r} and B = {m ∈ Z | m = 20s for some integer s}. a. Is A ⊆ B? Explain. b. Is B ⊆ A? Explain
Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}. Find a. A × B × C. b. C × (B × A).
Which of the following are partitions of , the set of real numbers? Explain your answers. a. {In : n ∈ ℤ}, where In = {x ∈ ℝ : n ≤ x ≤ n + 1} b. {Jn : n ∈ ℤ }, where Jn = {x ∈ ℝ: n ≤ x < n + 1}
For each of the following sets, determine its power set. a. A = {a, b, c, d} b. A = {{1}, {1, 2}}
A professor in a discrete mathematics class passes out a form asking students to check all the mathematics and computer science courses they have recently taken. The finding is that out of a total of 50 students in the class, 30 took …
For the proposition(p ∨¬r)∧(¬p∨(q∨¬r) a. Draw the truth table b. Build the logic circuit which outputs the given compound proposition from input bits p, q, and r.
For the proposition(p ∨¬r)∧(¬p∨(q∨¬r) a. Draw the truth table b. Build the logic circuit which outputs the given compound proposition from input bits p, q, and r.
PDNF of p->((p->q)^~(~qv~p))
Obtain DNF for ~(p → (q ^ r)) and also obtain PCNF for (p → q) ^ (qr) without using truth tables.
in a class of 35 students, each student studies Chemistry or woodwork. Twice as many study chemistry as study woodwork and half as many study only chemistry as study both. illustrate the information on a venn diagram and hence find th…
write the relation on {a,b,c,d} in ordered pairs.
Write each statement in symbolic form, using the given symbols. Let p: I will study. Let q: I will pass the test. Let r: I am foolish. 1. I will study or I am foolish. 2. I will study or I will not pass the test. 3. I will study an…
Write each statement in symbolic form, using the given symbols. Let p: I will study. Let q: I will pass the test. Let r: I am foolish. 1. I will study or I am foolish. 2. I will study or I will not pass the test. 3. I will study an…
There is an island with two mythical creatures, the Komos and the Dragos. Komos loves eating visitors to the island while Dragos hates to eat visitors. One fine day, you mysteriously end up on the island and encounter two creatures, B…
Write each statement in symbolic form, using the given symbols. Let p: I will study Let q: I will pass the test Let r: I am foolish 1. I will study or i am foolish 2. I will study or i will not pass the test. 3. I will study and I w…
Let us denote Sn = an + bn + cn for arbitrary numbers a, b, c. It is known that S1 = 8, S2 = 66, S3 = 536 for some values of a, b, c. What is the smallest possible value of S242 — S41 S43?
Let A=[top(1 1) bottom (0 1)] be a matrix consisting of real numbers (we are not interpreting this as a bit matrix). Find a formula for An, where n ϵ Z+, and use Mathematical Induction to prove that your formula is correct.
Let A be a square matrix, and AT denotes the transpose of A. Show that the following hold true. (a) (AT)T=A (b) (A+B)T=AT+BT (c) (AB)T=BT AT.
Show that the relation R=∅ on a nonempty set S is symmetric and transitive, but not reflexive.
Show that the relation R=∅ on the empty set S=∅ is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
(a) Find the number of relations on the set S={a, b, c, d, e}? (b) How many relations are there on the set S={a, b, c, d, e} that contain (a, a) and (b, b)?
Let S be a set with 6 elements and let a and b be distinct elements of S. How many relations R are there on S such that... (a) (a, b) ϵ R? b) (a; b) ∉ S? (c) no ordered pair in R has a as its first element? (d) at least one ordered pa…
Let R be a reflexive relation on a finite set A, and let MR be the bit matrix representing R. Specify the value of the entries on the main diagonal.
Let R be a symmetric relation on a finite set A, and let MR be the bit matrix representing R. Is MR necessarily a symmetric matrix? Why or why not?
Use Mathematical Induction to show that if MR is the bit matrix representing the relation R, then M^[n]R is the matrix representing R^n. (This was how the question was stated. If you're confused about the terms M^[n]R and R^n, they ar…
Let S be the set of bit strings of length no larger than 6, and define an equivalence relation R on S as follows: (x, y) ϵ R if and only if x and y are of the same length. Specify the partition P of S that arises from R.
Let S ={a, b, c, d, e}, and P={{a, b},{c, d},{e}}. (a) Verify that P really is a partiton of S. (b) Find the equivalence relation R on S induced by P.
Suppose S is a set, and P={S} is a partition of S. Find the equivalence relation R corresponding to P.
Let p and q be distinct positive primes. Define the partial ordering ⪯ of S={1, p, p^2, p^3, p^4, q, q^2, q^3, q^4} as follows: a⪯b if and only if a|b. Draw the Hasse diagram for this partial ordering of S.
Let S={1,2,3,4}, and define a partial ordering of P(S) (the power set of S), by: A⪯B if and only if A⊆B. Is this partial ordering in fact a total ordering (chain)? Why or why not?
Suppose S is a set containing 5 elements, and that ⪯ is a total ordering of S. Draw the Hasse diagram for ⪯ (no need to label the vertices in your diagram).
How many distinct permutations are there of the letters of the word "MARRIAGE"? a.30240 b.40320 c.20160 d.10080
How many 4-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the first digit must not be 0 and repetition of digits is not allowed? a.300 b.320 c.360 d.280
There are two webcams, X and Y that can automatically switch On or Off at any given time to record a live video streaming session. To ensure the smooth recording session, the live feed input system is programmed with certain criteria.…
Find the Transitive closure by using Warshall’s Algorithm where A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and R= {(x,y)| (x-y)=2}
From a set of numbers 1-15, how many numbers should be picked to form pair of numbers that adds up to 16? Illustrate the solution.
Suppose S is a set containing 5 elements, and that ⪯ is a total ordering of S. Draw the Hasse diagram for ⪯ (no need to label the vertices in your diagram).
Model two contextualized problems using binary trees both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Show graphically that which of the following is one to one function (1)f(x)=ln(x) (2)g(x)=e^x (3) h(x)=x³
(i) Give a formal definition of a graph G and its complement G. (ii) Draw the graph with degree sequence 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 and show that it is unique. (iii) Suppose a graph G has (0, 1) adjacency matrix A(G) = A. Write down the adjacen…
There are two webcams, X and Y that can automatically switch On or Off at any given time to record a live video streaming session. To ensure the smooth recording session, the live feed input system is programmed with certain criteria.…
Prove that log2 3 is irrational.
How many numbers are divisible by 2, 5, 9, and 13 between 100 and 100,000? How to implement this question in discrete math ?
a) Let p, q, and r be the propositions p : You study hard. q : You are on merit r : You do not get degree from Iqra University. Express each of these propositions as an English sentence. i) ¬q ↔ r ii) q →¬ r iii) p∨q ∨¬r iv) (p →¬r)∨(…
b) What is the value of x after each of these statements is encountered in a computer program, if x =3 before the statement is reached? i) if x +2=5 then x := 3*x +5 ii) if (x +1=4) OR (2x +2=3) then x := x +1 iii) if (2x +3=5) AND (3…
Suppose that the domain of the propositional function P(x) consists of the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Express these statements without using quantiﬁers, instead using only negations, disjunctions, and conjunctions. a) ∃xP(x) b) ∀xP(x…
a) We have the following set of information about a computer program, find the mistake in the program using Rules of Inferences. i. Either a variable is not declared or there is a syntax error in the fifth line. ii. If there is a synt…
1.Determine whether ¬(p∨(¬p∧q)) and ¬p∧¬q are equivalent without using truth table. 2.Determine whether the compound proposition ~(p∨q)∨(~p∧q)∨p to tautology. 3.Determine whether (p → q)∧(p → r)≡p → (q ∧r) using a truth table
Solve the following recurrence relations i) Fn= Fn-1 +Fn-2 where a1=a2=1 ii) an=2an-1 - an-2 +2 where a1 = 1 and a2 = 5
Use mathimatical Induction to prove that 1²+2²+3²+.......n²= n(n+1)(2n+1) divided by 6
We have the following set of information about a computer program, find the mistake in the program using Rules of Inferences. i. Either a variable is not declared or there is a syntax error in the fifth line. ii. If there is a syntax …
Definition of Function, Domain, Codomain and Range, Well defined function, Types of functions(Injective ,Surjective, Bijective, Composite)
Suppose S is a set containing 5 elements, and that ⪯ is a total ordering of S. Draw the Hasse diagram for ⪯ (no need to label the vertices in your diagram).
Transform by making change of variable j = i-4.
Consider the scenario of Knights and Knaves. You visited that island and met five people there. Suppose those were A, B, C, D, E [10]  A: B is a knight.  B: E is a knight.  C: A is a knave.  D: There are at most two knights a…
Determine the truth value of each of the quantified statements below if the domain consists of R. (a)∃x(x^5 = -1) (b)∃x(x^6< x^4) (c)∀x((-x)4=x^4) (d)∀x(2x > x)
(a) Let S be a set, and define the set W as follows: Basis: ∅ ϵ W.Recursive Definition: If x ϵ S and A ϵ W, then {x} U A ϵ W. Provide an explicit description of W, and justify your answer.
Define r(n, m) : N x Z+ -> N be the remainder obtained when dividing m into n. Define a function fm: N x N -> N as follows: f(n, k) = k if r(n, m) = 0, and f(n, k) = f(n-m, k+ 1) otherwise. Describe in terms of a single well-known ari…
For all parts of this problem, let S be a finite set, with |S|=n. (a) If f:S -> S is onto, does it necessarily follow that f is invertible? Why or why not? (b) Compute the number of distinct functions g:S -> S that are onto. (c) Find …
(a) Define r(n, m) : N x Z+ ->N be the remainder obtained when dividing m into n. Define the function g: Z+ x Z+ ->Z+ as follows: g(a, b) = b if r(a, b) = 0, and g(a, b) = g(b, r(a,b)) otherwise. Describe what g is calculating, and ju…
(b) Find a concise, explicit description for the set A, which is defined by 1 ∈ A, and if a and B are bit strings in A, then aB ∈ A, 0aB ∈ A, a0B ∈ A, and aB0 ∈ A.
(a) We say that two positive integers a, b are relatively prime if the greatest common divisor of a and b is 1. Let p, q be distinct positive prime numbers such that n=pq. Calculate the number of positive integers not exceeding n that…
b) Read Section 2.3.6 (on page 161) of the 8'th edition of Rosen's book on partial functions. Let A and B be finite sets, with |A| = m and |B| = n. Calculate the number of partial functions f: A -> B.
How many ternary strings (i.e., the only allowable characters are 0, 1, and 2) of length 15 are there containing exactly four 0s, five 1s, and six 2s?
How many solutions are there to the inequality x1+x2+x3+x4≤15, where x1,x2,x3, and x4 are nonnegative integers? Hint: Introduce an extra variable x5 and consider x1+x2+x3+x4+x5 = 15.
Suppose a friend asks you to list out all relations on the set S = {n|n ∈ Z+ and n≤1000}. Find the number of number of relations on S. Is your friend making a reasonable request?
Let R be a relation from A to B. Both sets are finite, with |A|=n and |B|=m. Define the complementary relation "R bar" as follows: R bar={(a, b)|(a,b)∈R} Calculate |R bar|.
(a) If A={1,2,3,4}, calculate the number of reflexive relations on A. (b) If B={1,2,3,4,5}, calculate the number of symmetric relations on B.
Let S be a finite set, with |S|=n. If the bit matrix MR representing R contains exactly r entries that are 0, how many entries of MRbar are 0? Note: "MRbar" is supposed to be just like MR, which you should know has R as a s…
Let S be a finite non-empty set. How many relations on S are simultaneously an equivalence relation and a partial order? Justify your answer.
Define a function A: N x N -> N as follows: A(m, n) ={2n, if m= 0; 0, if m≥1 and n= 0; 2, if m≥1 and n= 1; A(m-1, A(m, n-1)), if m≥1 and n≥2 (a) Calculate the following: (i)A(1,0) (ii)A(0,1) (iii)A(1,1) (iv)A(2,2).
Define a function A: N x N -> N as follows: A(m, n) ={2n, if m= 0; 0, if m≥1 and n= 0; 2, if m≥1 and n= 1; A(m-1, A(m, n-1)), if m≥1 and n≥2 Show that A(m, 2) = 4 whenever m≥1. Hint: Induct on m.
Define a function A: N x N -> N as follows: A(m, n) ={2n, if m= 0; 0, if m≥1 and n= 0; 2, if m≥1 and n= 1; A(m-1, A(m, n-1)), if m≥1 and n≥2 Show that A(1, n) = 2^n whenever n≥1. Hint: Induct on n.
(a) Is every total ordering a lattice? Why or why not?
(b) Let S={1,2,3}, and define the poset (P(S),⪯) by A⪯B if and only if A⊆B. Verify that this poset is a lattice. Is it a total ordering? (c) Using your work in part (b), is every lattice necessarily a total ordering?
Let P1={B0, B1, B2} be a partition of Z, where B0={3n|n ∈ Z}, B1={3n+ 1|n ∈ Z}, and B2={3n+ 2|n ∈ Z}. Describe the equivalence relation R1 corresponding to P1.
Let S be the set of ternary strings (i.e,. strings containing only the characters 0, 1,and 2), and let R be an equivalence relation on S. Suppose the collection of equivalence classes for R is P={Bi|i ∈ N}, where a typical representat…
Let R be an equivalence relation on Z, which has P={{±i}|i ∈ N} as its collection of equivalence classes. Describe the equivalence relation R.
If In= (-1/(5n),1/(5n)) where n≥1 is an integer and In represents an interval on the real number line, find U(n=1 to infinity) In and ∩(n=1 to infinity) In.
Let Bn={(x, y)|0≤x≤n and 0≤y≤n}, where n is a nonnegative integer. Find U(n=0 to infinity)Bn and ∩(n=0 to infinity)Bn.
Let C={A1, A2, ..., An} be a collection of finite sets that are pairwise disjoint. Further suppose that |Ai|=i. Compute |U(i=1 to n)Ai|, and write your answer in the simplest closed form possible.
a) Show that a subset of a countable set is countable.
If X,Y, and Z are sets and |X|=|Y| and |Y|=|Z|, show that |X|=|Z|. Note that we are not assuming that the given sets are finite.
Let A be a countable set, and B is another set. Assume further that there exists an onto function f:A->B. Is B necessarily countable? Provide a full justification for your answer.
Write following using summation n(n-1)+(n-2)++.....+1
Define a function fm: N x N ->N as follows: fm(n, k) =k if 0 ≤ n < m, and fm(n, k) =fm(n-m, k+1) otherwise. Describe in terms of a single well-known arithmetic operation what fm(n, 0) is computing.
Consider the statement: The art show was enjoyable but the room was hot. a) Use a variable to represent each basic statement in the given statement. b) Use the variables and logical operators to represent the statement in symbolic for…
Show that A=B A = {1,2,3} B ={n|n∈Z+ and n^2<10}
Let A = {2,3,4} , B = {6,8,10} , and C = {a,b} True or False? (i) 4R6 (ii) 4R8 (iii) (3,8) ∈ R (iv) (2,10) ∈ R (v) (4,12) ∈ R

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Question ID: mtid-5-stid-8-sqid-771-qpid-656